本文以油菜秸秆为原料，研究不同吸收剂量⁶⁰Co-γ辐照处理后样品中木质纤维素组分、降解产物种类和含量的变化，并对其酶解和分步糖化发酵特性进行评价。研究结果表明：随着吸收剂量的升高，油菜秸秆中纤维素、木聚糖和木质素含量降低，水溶性组分总量逐渐增加，水浸提液pH逐渐降低。降解产物中4种小分子脂肪酸总量随辐照吸收剂量的升高逐渐增加，1 000 kGy处理后达到最大值9.25 mg/g；9种小分子芳香类降解产物总量呈先增后降趋势，800 kGy时达到最大值0.22 mg/g。油菜秸秆酶解纤维素转化率和葡萄糖浓度随着吸收剂量的升高逐渐增加；随着底物浓度的增加，纤维素转化率逐渐降低，酶解液中葡萄糖浓度逐渐升高；15%底物浓度下800 kGy辐照处理油菜秸秆酶解纤维素转化率为57.55%，分步糖化发酵乙醇转化率低于10%。辐照结合水浸提处理显著提高油菜秸秆酶解发酵效率，水浸提后800 kGy辐照油菜秸秆在15%底物浓度酶解纤维素转化率和葡萄糖浓度分别为71.62%和40.38 mg/mL，分步发酵48 h后乙醇转化率达到64.00%，且发酵液中葡萄糖被全部消耗。

以不同含水量的芦苇木质纤维素（以下简称芦苇）为试验材料，采用5 MeV电子束辐照处理，研究了电子束辐照对不同含水量芦苇化学组分、超分子结构、粉碎粒径及酶解性能的影响。结果表明：不同含水量的芦苇经电子束辐照后均发生降解，超分子结构受到破坏，粉碎后小粒径颗粒显著增加，酶解转化率大幅度提高；当吸收剂量相同时，不同含水量芦苇的表观形貌、超分子结构及粉碎粒径分布没有明显区别，但酶解转化率与含水量呈负相关，含水量5%、10%和50%的芦苇经过500 kGy 电子束辐照后，纤维素酶解转化率分别22.24%、19.76%和18.57%，半纤维素酶解转化率分别为25.04%、23.84%和19.56%，经过1 000 kGy电子束辐照后，含水量5%、10%和50%的芦苇纤维素酶解转化率分别为54.09%、47.27%和49.24%，半纤维素酶解转化率分别62.30%、53.25%和47.83%；当吸收剂量为500 kGy时，含水量为5%的芦苇纤维素、半纤维素较含水量10%和50%芦苇降解严重，而当吸收剂量为1 000 kGy时，含水量为50%的芦苇纤维素、半纤维素则较含水量5%和10%的芦苇降解严重，并且较含水量5%和10%的芦苇，含水量为50%的芦苇纤维素、半纤维素更多地被降解为非糖类物质。

采用⁶⁰Co-γ射线和电子束辐射诱变贝莱斯芽孢杆菌选育遗传稳定的突变菌株，用平板对峙法及四点法对突变菌株进行初筛和复筛，研究其对辣椒炭疽病菌的抑菌效果。结果表明：菌悬液经⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐照，贝莱斯芽孢杆菌D₁₀值为2 366 Gy，在100~2 000 Gy诱变剂量范围内芽孢杆菌致死率随着辐照吸收剂量的增加而升高。在2 000 Gy辐照吸收剂量下，贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的致死率为81.8%，并筛选出5株（B004、B112、B114、B117、B118）突变菌株，其对辣椒炭疽病菌抑制率由出发菌株的51.2%分别提高到57.5%、58.0%、57.0%、57.7%和59.9%；贝莱斯芽孢杆菌菌悬液经电子束（10 MeV）辐照，贝莱斯芽孢杆菌D₁₀值为499 Gy，在100~600 Gy诱变剂量范围内，芽孢杆菌致死率随着辐照吸收剂量的增加而升高，在400 Gy辐照吸收剂量下，贝莱斯芽孢杆菌致死率为91.8%，筛选出2株（D115和D243）突变菌株，其对辣椒炭疽病菌抑制率由出发菌株的55.2%分别提高到58.4%和58.1%；B004、B112、B117、B118贝莱斯芽孢杆菌诱变菌株对辣椒炭疽病菌抑菌效果在6代内遗传稳定。研究结果表明：γ射线和电子束辐照在贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的诱变育种中具有潜在的应用价值，本研究可为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的诱变育种提供基础，为辣椒炭疽病病害的生物防治提供理论参考。

Topological edge states (TESs), arising from topologically nontrivial phases, provide a powerful toolkit for the architecture design of photonic integrated circuits, since they are highly robust and strongly localized at the boundaries of topological insulators. It is highly desirable to be able to control TES transport in photonic implementations. Enhancing the coupling between the TESs in a finite-size optical lattice is capable of exchanging light energy between the boundaries of a topological lattice, hence facilitating the flexible control of TES transport. However, existing strategies have paid little attention to enhancing the coupling effects between the TESs through the finite-size effect. Here, we establish a bridge linking the interaction between the TESs in a finite-size optical lattice using the Landau–Zener model so as to provide an alternative way to modulate/control the transport of topological modes. We experimentally demonstrate an edge-to-edge topological transport with high efficiency at telecommunication wavelengths in silicon waveguide lattices. Our results may power up various potential applications for integrated topological photonics.

以经过不同吸收剂量（0?500 kGy）的γ射线辐照处理后的芦苇秸秆为研究对象，机械粉碎后过筛，研究吸收剂量、过筛孔径对其粒径分布、粉碎能耗、主要组分含量、纤维素酶解转化率、纤维素乙醇转化率的影响。研究结果显示：随着过筛孔径的减小，所获得的芦苇秸秆样品质量显著减少，且与吸收剂量负相关；芦苇的粉碎能耗随吸收剂量的升高而降低，获得相同质量的过筛样品，粉碎能耗又随过筛孔径的减小而显著增加；相同吸收剂量处理的芦苇秸秆，其纤维素酶解转化率和纤维素乙醇转化率均随过筛孔径的减小而增大，其中吸收剂量为分别0 kGy、206 kGy、404 kGy，粒径范围在r?0.180 mm的芦苇秸秆样品其纤维素酶解转化率较r?0.850 mm样品分别提高129.20%、85.98%、106.63%，纤维素乙醇转化率分别提高136.04%、21.75%、4.39%。综合比较粉碎能耗与纤维素酶解转化率和纤维素乙醇转化率的增加比率，最终确定未辐照（0 kGy）芦苇秸秆样品的最佳过筛孔径为0.850 mm；吸收剂量为206 kGy、404 kGy的芦苇秸秆样品最佳过筛孔径为0.425 mm。

A retroreflector that reflects light along its incident direction has found numerous applications in photonics, but the available metasurface schemes suffer from the issue of narrow bandwidth and/or a single angle of incidence. Here, a retroreflector using double layers of achromatic gradient metasurfaces is reported, which can realize retroreflection over a continuous range of incidence angles within a wide spectral band. The first metasurface serves as a transmissive achromatic lens that performs a broadband spatial Fourier transform and its inverse, while the second metasurface works as a reflective achromatic lens that undergoes wavelength- and position-dependent phase dispersions. Using this design strategy, a near-infrared retroreflector comprised of silicon nanopillars with the cross sections of square pillars and square holes is numerically demonstrated, providing a high-performance retroreflection for polarization-independent incident light waves over a continuous range of incidence angles from 0° to 16° within an extremely broad wavelength range between 1.35 and 1.95 μm. The scheme herein can offer a design strategy of broadband retroreflectors and impact numerous photonics applications.